沂蒙山区典型小流域特殊降雨的磷素输出特征

为揭示沂蒙山区不同降雨条件下的磷素流失规律,对当地孟良崮小流域2010年13场自然降雨径流量及磷素浓度的动态过程进行实地监测,研究了年内产生有效径流的首场和最大强度2场特殊降雨的径流、磷素输出负荷、初期冲刷效应及径流量同磷素负荷之间的关系.结果表明,首场降雨径流中溶解态有机磷(DOP)、溶解态无机磷(DIP)、溶解态全磷(DP)、颗粒态全磷(PP)和总磷(TP)浓度明显高于最大强度降雨,而其输出负荷分别为最大强度降雨的168%、54%、71%、48%和54%;2场降雨对小流域磷素年输出负荷有重要影响,DOP、DIP、DP、PP和TP的输出总量分别占整个雨季输出的48%、81%、70%、87%和81%,其中DIP占DP流失的77%,PP占TP流失的71%;2场降雨均存在污染物的初期冲刷效应,最大强度降雨的初期冲刷效应较首场降雨强烈;2场降雨的各磷素累积输出负荷同累积径流量之间均呈线性关系,且拟合度较好,但首场降雨各形态磷素直线方程的斜率均大于最大强度降雨.根据气象预报尽量减少在特殊降雨期间翻耕、施肥等农事活动,以及有针对性地建立沟渠、池塘等截污措施减少初期冲刷效应,是降低农业非点源污染的有效途径.     

高效木薯渣分解复合菌群RXS的构建及其发酵特性研究

从富含腐烂纤维质的环境中取样,通过以木薯渣及滤纸为碳源的蛋白胨纤维素培养基不断地富集培养,构建了一组高效稳定的纤维质分解复合菌群.考察了该复合菌群对不同纤维质底物的分解性能及其在木薯渣水解过程中主要参数的变化.研究发现该复合菌群对滤纸、脱脂棉、微晶纤维素、麦秸秆和木薯渣等原料均能够进行有效的降解.在该复合菌群应用于木薯渣的水解过程中,监测发现纤维素酶、半纤维素酶、果胶酶等关键酶的酶活力分别在第2～3 d达到最大值34.4、90.5和15.8U;经过10 d的发酵后,木薯渣中的纤维素、半纤维素及木质素分别降解了79.8%、85.9%和19.4%,且木薯渣的失重高达61.5%;此外,代谢产物主要是乙酸、丁酸、己酸和甘油;而溶解性COD、总糖和总挥发酸的变化表明第2 d时木薯渣的水解率最高.上述结果表明,该复合菌群能够有效地水解木薯燃料酒精生产过程中的废弃物木薯渣,并有望用于木薯渣高效沼气发酵的前处理中.     

不同雨强条件下太湖流域典型蔬菜地土壤磷素的径流特征

以太湖流域典型区域无锡市近郊区鸿声镇的蔬菜地为研究对象,采用人工模拟降雨的方法,通过野外径流小区试验,研究了不同雨强对菜地土壤磷素径流流失的影响.结果表明,初始产流时间随雨强的增大呈幂函数减小(R²=0.99),径流量在雨强较小时,缓慢上升,但随着雨强的增大急剧上升,在雨强0.83、1.17和1.67 mm·min^-1时,总磷(TP)和颗粒态磷(PP)都表现为初始流失浓度较高,随降雨历时延长略有下降,最终趋于稳定,而在大雨强2.50 mm·min^-1时,TP和PP呈现波浪式起伏,没有明显的变化趋势;在整个降雨-径流过程中,溶解态磷(DP)变化比较平缓,占TP的比例为20%～32%,而PP占TP的比例为68%～80%,其变化规律与TP相一致,由此可见,PP是土壤磷素流失的主要形态;通过对比不同雨强下不同形态磷素的流失率,发现TP的流失率,大雨强2.50 mm·min^-1是小雨强0.83 mm·min^-1的20倍,而DP的流失率,却是33倍,这表明随着雨强的增加,加速土壤PP流失的同时,也大大促进了DP的流失,主要原因是降雨前表施磷肥,使得磷肥中大量的无机态磷溶解释放到水环境中,增加了DP的流失,从而会加重受纳水体富营养化的程度.     

Imazaquin degradation and metabolism in a sandy loam soil amended with farm litters

Irnazaquin applied in legume crops has a long residual time in soil, which often impacts safety of the susceptible crops. To increase safety of imazaquin application, two composted litters, bovine manure （BM） and chicken manure （CM）, were used to determine their effects on imazaquin environmental behavior by incorporating each kind of manure into the tested sandy loam soil at 10% （w/w）. The degradation of imazaquin in BM- and CM-amended soil was about 2.4 and 1.5 times, respectively, faster than that in unamended soil. The half-lives of imazaquin in BM-amended soil varied between 6.7 and 15.4 d over the temperature range of 20 to 40℃, and the degradation rate constant （k） increased by a factor of about 1.5 for every 10℃ change. Higher mix ratio did not significantly increase the degradation, and the optimal active degradation of imazaquin was observed approximately at the mix ratio of 10：1 of soil to BM. The different moisture levels had negligible effect on imazaquin degradation. In both unamended and BM-amended treatments, two metabolites were observed at 5, 10 and 30 d after treatment. One metabolite at retention time （RT） of 8.4 rain was identified as 2-（4- hydroxyl-5-oxo-2-imidazolin-2-yl） quinoline acid, originating from the loss of isopropyl group and hydroxylation at the 4-position of imidazolinone ring. The other at RT of 12.9 rain was identified as quinoline-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride, resulting from detachment of imidazolinone ring and the forming of dicarboxylic anhydride. This finding suggested that the addition of farm litters into soil might be a good management option since it can not only increase soil fertility but also contribute to increase safety of imazaquin application to the following susceptible crops.     

Assessing field vulnerability to phosphorus loss in Beijing agricultural area using Revised Field Phosphorus Ranking Scheme

Guanting Reservoir,one of the drinking water supply sources of Beijing,suffers from water eutrophication.It is mainly supplied by Guishui River.Thus,to investigate the reasons of phosphorus(P)loss and improve the P management strategies in Guishui River watershed are important for the safety of drinking water in this region.In this study,a Revised Field P Ranking Scheme(PRS)was developed to reflect the field vulnerability of P loss at the field scale based on the Field PRS.In this new scheme,six factors are included, and each one was assigned a relative weight and a determination method.The affecting factors were classified into transport factors and source factors,and,the standards of environmental quality on surface water and soil erosion classification and degradation of the China were used in this scheme.By the new scheme,thirty-four fields in the Guishui River were categorized as"low","medium"or"high"potential for P loss into the runoff.The results showed that the P loss risks of orchard and vegetable fields were higher than that of corn and soybean fields.The source factors were the main factors to affect P loss from the study area.In the study area,controlling P input and improving P usage efficiency are critical to decrease P loss.Based on the results,it was suggested that more attention should be paid on the fields of vegetable and orchard since they have extremely high usage rate of P and high soil test of E Compared with P surplus by field measurements,the Revised Field PRS was more suitable for reflecting the characteristics of fields,and had higher potential capacity to identify critical source areas of P loss than PRS.     

河流水污染损失补偿模型研究

我国水污染问题的突出表现之一是省际间、地区间水污染纠纷接连不断, 严重影响经济发展和社会稳定。在流域不同主体之间建立水污染补偿机制,可以把水污染造成的环境外部损失内部化,从而促使污染者在治污成本和经济补偿之间进行权衡,促进水污染治理措施的有效执行和水污染纠纷的解决。在水污染经济损失评估的基础上,以河流为研究对象,采用水环境数学模型的方法描述了污染物排放的空间影响关系,进而把超量排放的环境影响与经济影响联系起来,对模型的基本特征、处理方法和应用范围进行了讨论,并且以太湖流域范围内的京杭运河为例进行实证研究,得到了河流水污染损失补偿的数学模型。     

Vibrational energy loss analysis in battery tab ultrasonic welding

In ultrasonic metal welding processes, high-frequency ultrasonic energy is used to generate friction and heat at the interface between weld parts to produce solid-state bonds. It has been observed that sufficient energy is required to produce proper bonding, while excessive energy can cause such quality issues as weld fracture and perforation. Therefore, it is important to have a product/process design in ultrasonic welding to ensure efficient energy conversion from ultrasonics to welding energy, minimizing energy loss in the process. In this work, vibrational energy loss associated with the longitudinal and flexural vibrations of the Cu coupon during ultrasonic welding is studied by applying one-dimensional continuous vibration models. To facilitate our modeling, experimental results from the free response of Cu coupon were obtained to determine the damping characteristics of the Cu coupon in the welding process. Our analysis shows that substantial energy loss can occur during welding due to the flexural vibration of the Cu coupon, especially when the overhang (the upper part of the Cu coupon extended from the anvil) of the Cu coupon resonates at or close to the welding frequency (about 20 kHz), degrading the weld quality of battery tabs. This study contributes to understanding the fundamental dynamics of the Cu coupon during ultrasonic welding and its impact on weld quality.     

基于“径流-地类”参数的非点源氮磷负荷估算方法

东江作为广东省重要的饮用水源,其上游农业集水区非点源氮磷流失量备受关注.因此,本文以东江上游上莞河小流域为研究区,利用2011年的集水区水质监测数据,在平均浓度法及输出系数法的基础上,构建基于"径流-地类"参数的非点源氮磷负荷计算式,其径流、地类参数分别通过校正后的SCS模型和土地利用现状图获取,并分别对上莞河流域及流域各地类的非点源氮磷流失量进行估算.研究结果表明,汛期上莞河流域氮磷流失量主要来源于非点源污染,其非点源氮、磷流失量分别占氮、磷流失总量的97.32%、98.05%.坡度对流域非点源氮磷流失影响较小,地类是影响非点源氮磷输出的重要因素.构建的计算式能较好地估算非点源氮、磷负荷量,在次暴雨尺度非点源氮、磷输出量模拟精度分别为84.78%、81.06%.2011年度上莞河流域非点源氮、磷输出量分别为48923.4、7189.3 kg,耕地、居民地分别是非点源氮、磷输出的关键源区,其非点源氮、磷输出量分别占流域非点源氮、磷输出总量的84.20%、58.54%.     

紫色丘陵区不同弃土弃渣下垫面入渗特征及影响因素

采用环刀法研究了紫色丘陵区不同碎石含量弃土弃渣下垫面的入渗特征及影响因素.结果表明,不同弃土弃渣下垫面入渗性能随碎石含量的增加而差异显著,其中,碎石含量为40%的弃土弃渣下垫面初始入渗率、稳定入渗率及平均入渗率分别是土质弃渣下垫面的1.30、1.13和1.54倍.不同下垫面初始入渗率和稳定入渗率与弃渣初始含水率、容重呈显著负相关,与下垫面总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度呈显著正相关.其中,初始入渗率与初始含水率相关系数在-0.689~-0.912之间,稳定入渗率与容重相关系数为-0.745~-0.999,且稳定入渗率随非毛管孔隙度增加而显著提高.Horton模型对不同弃土弃渣下垫面入渗率与时间拟合的可决系数在0.899以上,且Horton模型计算入渗率与实测入渗率的相对误差在0.07%~6.60%之间,是紫色丘陵区分析不同弃土弃渣下垫面入渗过程的适宜性模型.研究结果可为紫色丘陵区弃土弃渣水土流失量预测和评价提供技术参数.     

大连星海地区环境空气中挥发性有机物的臭氧生成潜势研究

以该实验的观测资料为基础,通过数据分析表明,对大连星海地区OH自由基消耗的主要环境VOCs组分是烯烃类物质,对O3生成潜势贡献最高的环境VOCs组分是芳香烃类物质;综合LiOH及OFP值评价,识别影响大连星海地区O3生成的关键环境VOCs反应活性物种为丙烯、甲苯、间对二甲苯等物质。